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Bibliography: Post-Communist Elections
General (books | journal articles)
Online resources (general | individual countries)
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General
Berlin
Conference on Comparative Political Research in, Central, Europe
Eastern, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, and Ekkehard Mochmann. Elections in Central and Eastern
Europe: The First Wave. Berlin:
Edition Sigma, 2000. 353 p.
Garber,
Larry, and Eric Bjornlund. The
New Democratic Frontier: A Country by Country Report on Elections in
Central and Eastern Europe.
Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute for International Affairs,
1992. 247 p.
Rose,
Richard, and Neil Munro. Elections
and Parties in New European Democracies.
Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2003. 309 p.
Security,
U. S. Congress. Commission on Cooperation in Europe. Elections in Central and Eastern
Europe: A Compendium of Reports on the Elections Held from March through
June 1990. Washington, DC: U.S.
overnment Printing Office, 1990. 157 p.
Tworzecki,
Hubert. Learning to Choose:
Electoral Politics in East-Central Europe.
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 290 p.
Western,
Jon W. East European Elections:
Players, Process and Prospects.
Washington, DC: Library of Congress: Congressional Research Service,
1990. 40 p.
Bielasiak,
Jack. "The Institutionalization of the Electoral and Party Systems in
Postcommunist States." Comparative
Politics 34, no. 2 (2002):
189-210.
Bunce, Valerie J., and Sharon L. Wolchik. "Favorable
Conditions and Electoral Revolutions." Journal
of Democracy 17, no. 4 (2006):
5-18.
———. "International
Diffusion and Postcommunist Electoral Revolutions." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39, no. 3 (2006): 283-304.
Calingaert, Daniel. "Election Rigging and How to
Fight It." Journal of Democracy 17, no. 3 (2006): 138-51.
Dawisha, Karen, and Stephen Deets. "Political
Learning in Post-Communist Elections." East
European Politics and Societies 20,
no. 4 (2006): 691-728.
Fenger,
Menno. "The Diffusion of Revolutions: Comparing Recent Regime Turnovers
in Five Post-Communist Countries." Demokratizatsiya:
The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization
15, no. 1 (2007): 5-28.
Gibson,
John, and Anna Cielecka. "Economic Influences on the Political Support
for Market Reform in Post-Communist Transtions: Some Evidence from the
1993 Polish Parliamentary Elections." Europe-Asia
Studies 47, no. 5 (1995):
765-85.
Harper, Marcus A. G. "Economic Voting in
Postcommunist Eastern Europe." Comparative
Political Studies 33, no. 9
(2000): 1191-227.
Rose-Ackerman,
Susan. "From Elections to Democracy in Central Europe: Public
Participation and the Role of Civil Society." East
European Politics and Societies
21, no. 1 (2007): 31-47.
Individual
Countries
Books
United States Congress, Commission on Security and
Cooperation in Europe. Albania's
2005 Parliamentary Elections: How Free and Fair Will They Be? : March
21, 2005, Briefing of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in
Europe. Washington: Commission
on Security and Cooperation in Europe: [Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.,
distributor], 2006. 28 p.
Journal
Articles
Schmidt,
Fabian. "Albania: Election Fraud Sparks Protests." Transition
2, no. 13 (1996): 38.
Books
Edgeworth,
Linda, Scott Lansell, and Systems International Foundation for
Election. Armenia: 1995 on-Site
Technical Assistance; Technical Assessment and Assistance to Armenia:
July 5, 1995 National Assembly Elections and Constitutional Referendum,
IFES Project Reports. Europe.
Washington, DC: International Foundation for Election Systems, 1996. 200
p.
United States Congress, Commission on Security and
Cooperation in Europe. Report on
Armenia's Parliamentary Election and Constitutional Referendum: July 5,
1995, Yerevan, Armenia.
Washington, DC: The Commission, 1995. 23 p.
———.
Report on Armenia's Presidential
Election March 16 and 30, 1998.
Washington, DC: The Commission, 1998. 32 p.
———.
Report on Armenia's Presidential
Election of September 22, 1996,
Yerevan. Washington: The Commission, 1996. 35 p.
Journal
Articles
Defeis,
Elizabeth F. "Elections and Democracy: Armenia, a Case Study." Loyola of Los Angeles International and
Comparative Law Journal 20, no.
3 (1998): 455-74.
Books
United
States Congress, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The Presidential Election in
Azerbaijan, June 7, 1992: Baku and Mardakyan.
Washington, DC: The Commission, 1992. 19 p.
———.
Report on Azerbaijan's
Presidential Election: Baku, Sumgait, Ganja.
Washington, DC: CSCE, 1998. 30 p.
Journal
Articles
Alieva,
Leila. "Azerbaijan's Frustrating Elections." Journal
of Democracy 17, no. 2 (2006):
147-60.
Valiyev, Anar. "Parliamentary Elections in
Azerbaijan: A Failed Revolution." Problems
of Post-Communism 53, no. 3
(2006): 17-35.
Books
Bulhakau,
Valer. The Political System of
Belarus and the 2001 Presidential Election: Analytical Articles. Minsk: Analytical Group; Warsaw: East European Democratic Centre
IDEE, 2001. 344 p.
United States Congress, Commission on Security and
Cooperation in Europe. Freedom
Denied: Belarus on the Eve of the Election: Hearing before the
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Ninth
Congress, Second Session, March 9, 2006.
Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O., 2007. 65 p.
Journal
Articles
Ioffe,
Grigory. "Unfinished Nation-Building in Belarus and the 2006
Presidential Election." Eurasian
Geography and Economics 48, no. 1
(2007): 37-58.
Bosnia
Books
Arnautovic, Suad. Ten
Years of Democratic Chaos: Electoral Processes in Bosnia and
Herzegovina from 1996 to 2006: Essays, Analyses and Comments. Sarajevo: Promocult, 2007. 268 p.
Coles, Kimberley. Democratic
Designs: International Intervention and Electoral Practices in Postwar
Bosnia-Herzegovina. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press, 2007. 297 p.
Schmeets,
Hans, and Jeanet Exel. The 1996
Bosnia-Herzegovina Elections: An Analysis of the Observations. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic,
1997. 154 p.
Schmeets,
Hans, Security Organization for, Institutions Cooperation in Europe.
Office for Democratic, Rights Human, and Commission European. The 1997 Municipal Elections in Bosnia
and Herzegovina: An Analysis of the Observations.
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. 12 p.
United
States Congress, House. Committee on International Relations. Prospects for Free and Fair Elections
in Bosnia: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations,
House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session,
June 11, 1996. Washington, DC:
U.S. G.P.O., 1996. 139 p.
Journal
Articles
Coles,
Kimberley A. "Election Day: The Construction of Democracy through
Technique." Cultural Anthropology 19, no. 4 (2004): 551-80.
Shoup, Paul. "The Elections in Bosnia and
Herzegovina: The End of an Illusion." Problems
of Post-Communism 44, no. 1
(1997): 3-15.
Udovicic,
Radenko. "Elections in Bosnia: Standing in Place." Uncaptive Minds
9, no. 1 (1996): 55-64.
Books
National Democratic Institute for International
Affairs, International Republican Institute. The
October 13, 1991 Legislative and Municipal Elections in Bulgaria. Washington, DC: National Democratic
Institute for International Affairs; International Republican Institute,
1992. 136 p.
Journal
Articles
Barany,
Zoltan D. "Bulgaria's Royal Elections." Journal
of Democracy 13, no. 2 (2002):
141-55.
Gerganov, Encho N., Margarita L. Dilova, Kristina G.
Petkova, and Elena P. Paspalanova. "Voting in the First Posttotalitarian
Elections in Bulgaria." Political
Psychology 16, no. 4 (1995):
737-48.
Karasimeonov, Georgi. "The Political Parties in
Bulgaria and the Political Situation at the Time of the 2001
Presidential Election." SEER
Southeast Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs 4/2001 (2001): 109-22.
Troxel, Luan. "Socialist Persistence in the Bulgarian
Elections of 1990 and 1991." East
European Quarterly 26, no. 4
(1992): 407-30.
Books
Salay, Cathy, Katarina Duich, and Systems
International Foundation for Election. Republic
of Croatia: 1995 Election Observation Report; Croatia: Election
Observation Report of the Elections to the House of Representatives,
IFES Project Reports. Europe.
Washington, DC: International Foundation for Election Systems, 1996. 76
p.
Journal
Articles
Havlik,
Vlastimil, and Hana Vykoupilova. "Two Dimensions of the Europeanization
of Election Programs: The Case of the Czech Republic." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 41, no. 2 (2008): 163-87.
Tucker, Joshua A. "Economic Conditions and the Vote
for Incumbent Parties in Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the
Czech Republic from 1990 to 1996." Post-Soviet
Affairs 17, no. 4 (2001):
309-31.
Turnovec, Frantisek. "Votes, Seats and Power: 1996
Parliamentary Election in the Czech Republic." Communist
and Post-Communist Studies 30,
no. 3 (1997): 289-305.
Tworzecki,
Hubert. "The Role of Elections and Voting Behavior in Democratic
Consolidation in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 26, no. 1 (1999): 43-92.
Williams, Kieran. "The Growing Litigiousness of Czech
Elections." Europe-Asia Studies 59, no. 6 (2007): 937-59.
Journal
Articles
Ishiyama,
John T. "Electoral Systems Experimentation in the New Eastern Europe:
The Single Transferable Vote and the Additional Member System in Estonia
and Hungary." East European
Quarterly 29, no. 4 (1995):
487-507.
———. "Founding
Elections and the Development of Transitional Parties: The Cases of
Estonia and Latvia, 1990-1992." Communist
and Post-Communist Studies 26,
no. 3 (1993): 277-99.
Books
United States Congress, Commission on Security and
Cooperation in Europe. Report on
Georgia's Parliamentary Elections October 11, 1992: Tbilisi, Bolnisi,
Rachisubani, Emirasan, Shaumyan.
Washington, DC: Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1992.
22 p.
———. Report on the
Presidential Elections in Georgia: A Report. Washington (234 Ford House
Office Bldg., Washington 20515-6460): The Commission, 2000. 13 p.
Journal Articles
Fairbanks, Charles H. "Georgia's Rose Revolution." Journal of Democracy 15, no. 2 (2004): 110-24.
Slider, Darrell. "Recent Elections in Georgia: At
Long Last, Stability?" Demokratizatsiya:
The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization
8, no. 4 (2000): 517-32.
Journal
Articles
Agh,
Attila. "Party Formation Process and the 1998 Elections in Hungary:
Defeat as Promoter of Change for the Hsp." East
European Politics and Societies
14, no. 2 (2000): 288-315.
Barany,
Zoltan D., and Louisa Vinton. "Breakthrough to Democracy: Elections in
Poland and Hungary." Studies in
Comparative Communism 23, no. 2
(1990): 191-212.
Hibbing,
John R., and Samuel C. Patterson. "A Democratic Legislature in the
Making: The Historic Hungarian Elections of 1990." Comparative
Political Studies 24, no. 4
(1992): 430-54.
Ishiyama,
John T. "Electoral Systems Experimentation in the New Eastern Europe:
The Single Transferable Vote and the Additional Member System in Estonia
and Hungary." East European
Quarterly 29, no. 4 (1995):
487-507.
Pentek, Rita. "Istvan Horthy's Election as
Vice-President in 1942." Hungarian
Studies Review 23, no. 1
(1996): 17-28.
Racz,
Barnabas. "The Left in Hungary and the 2002 Parliamentary Elections." Europe-Asia Studies 55, no. 5 (2003): 747-69.
———. "Political
Pluralisation in Hungary: The 1990 Elections." Soviet
Studies 43, no. 1 (1991):
107-36.
———. "Regional Voting
Trends in Hungarian National Elections 1985-2002." East
European Quarterly 37, no. 4
(2003): 439-59.
Racz,
Barnabas, and Istvan Kukorelli. "The 'Second-Generation' Post-Communist
Elections in Hungary in 1994." Europe-Asia
Studies 47, no. 2 (1995):
251-79.
Rajacic, Agnes. "Populist Construction of the Past
and Future: Emotional Campaigning in Hungary between 2002 and 2006." East European Politics and Societies 21, no. 4 (2007): 639-60.
Tucker, Joshua A. "Economic Conditions and the Vote
for Incumbent Parties in Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the
Czech Republic from 1990 to 1996." Post-Soviet
Affairs 17, no. 4 (2001):
309-31.
Tworzecki, Hubert. "The Role of Elections and Voting
Behavior in Democratic Consolidation in Poland, Hungary and the Czech
Republic." Soviet and Post-Soviet
Review 26, no. 1 (1999): 43-92.
Journal
Articles
Ishiyama,
John T. "Founding Elections and the Development of Transitional
Parties: The Cases of Estonia and Latvia, 1990-1992." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 26, no. 3 (1993): 277-99.
Stukuls, Diana. "Imagining the Nation: Campaign
Posters of the First Postcommunist Elections in Latvia." East European Politics and Societies 11, no. 1 (1997): 131-54.
Troxel, Luan. "Socialist Persistence in the Bulgarian
Elections of 1990 and 1991." East
European Quarterly 26, no. 4
(1992): 407-30.
Journal
Articles
Clark,
Terry D. "The 1996 Elections to the Lithuanian Seimas and Their
Aftermath." Journal of Baltic
Studies 29, no. 2 (1998):
135-48.
Clark, Terry D., and Nerijus PrekeviFius. "Explaining
the 2000 Lithuanian Parliamentary Elections: An Application of
Contextual and New Institutional Approaches." Slavic
Review 62, no. 3 (2003):
548-69.
Journal
Articles
Büscher,
Klemens. "Moldova after the Parliamentary Elections: A Second Chance
for Reform." SEER- Southeast
Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs,
no. 3 (1998): 69-79.
Hill,
R.J. "Profile- Moldova Votes Backwards: The 2001 Parliamentary
Election." Journal of Communist
Studies and Transition Politics
17, no. 4 (2001): 130-39.
Books
Edgeworth, Linda, Eran Fraenkel, Scott Lansell, and
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Pre-Election
Technical Assessment of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM). Washington, DC: IFES,
1994. 1 v.
Books
United States Congress, Commission on Security and
Cooperation in Europe. Presidential
Elections in Montenegro: A Report.
Washington, DC (234 Ford House Office Building, Washington 20515): The
Commission, 1998. 9 p.
Journal Articles
Barany, Zoltan D., and Louisa Vinton. "Breakthrough
to Democracy: Elections in Poland and Hungary." Studies
in Comparative Communism 23,
no. 2 (1990): 191-212.
Blazyca,
George, and Ryszard Rapacki. "Continuity and Change in Polish Economic
Policy: The Impact of the 1993 Election." Europe-Asia
Studies 48, no. 1 (1996):
85-100.
Burdziej, Stanislaw. "Voices of the Disinherited? The
Religious Media after the 2005 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections
in Poland." East European
Quarterly 42, no. 2 (2008):
207-21.
Chan, Kenneth Ka-Lok. "Poland at the Crossroads: The
1993 General Election." Europe-Asia
Studies 47, no. 1 (1995):
123-45.
Gebert, Konstanty. "Anti-Semitism in the 1990 Polish
Presidential Election." Social
Research 58, no. 4 (1991):
723-56.
Gibson, John, and Anna Cielecka. "Economic Influences
on the Political Support for Market Reform in Post-Communist
Transtions: Some Evidence from the 1993 Polish Parliamentary Elections."
Europe-Asia Studies 47, no. 5 (1995): 765-85.
Goldman, Minton F. "Polish-Russian Relations and the
2004 Ukrainian Presidential Elections." East
European Quarterly 40, no. 4
(2006): 409-28.
Jasiewicz,
Krzysztof. "Polish Politics after the 1997 Parliamentary Election:
Polarization or Pluralism?" Soviet
and Post-Soviet Review 26, no. 1
(1999): 93-114.
Karatnycky,
Adrian. "Walesa Runs for President." New
Leader 73, no. 13 (1990): 2-13.
Lubecki, Jacek, and Lech Szczegola. "'Polish
Exceptionalism': What Explains the Low Turnout in Polish Post-Communist
Elections?" Polish Review 52, no. 1 (2007): 3-35.
McManus-Czubinska, Clare, William L. Miller, Radoslaw
Markowski, and Jacek Wasilewski. "When Does Turnout Matter? The Case of
Poland." Europe-Asia Studies 56, no. 3 (2004): 401-20.
Millard, Frances. "Elections in Poland 2001:
Electoral Manipulation and Party Upheaval." Communist
and Post-Communist Studies 36,
no. 1 (2003): 69-86.
———.
"Poland's Politics and the Travails of Transition after 2001: The 2005
Elections." Europe-Asia Studies 58, no. 7 (2006): 1007-31.
———. "The Polish
Parliamentary Election of September 1993." Communist
and Post-Communist Studies 27,
no. 3 (1994): 295-313.
———.
"The Polish Parliamentary Elections of October 1991." Soviet Studies
44, no. 5 (1992): 837-55.
Pienkos,
Donald. "A Fresh Start? Poland's 2005 Elections." Polish
Review 51, no. 2 (2006):
207-21.
Pienkos, Donald E. "The 1995 Polish Presidential
Election: A Step toward Normalcy." Polish
Review 42, no. 4 (1997):
395-430.
Tucker, Joshua A. "Economic Conditions and the Vote
for Incumbent Parties in Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the
Czech Republic from 1990 to 1996." Post-Soviet
Affairs 17, no. 4 (2001):
309-31.
Tworzecki, Hubert. "The Role of Elections and Voting
Behavior in Democratic Consolidation in Poland, Hungary and the Czech
Republic." Soviet and Post-Soviet
Review 26, no. 1 (1999): 43-92.
Vinton, Louisa. "Poland's Political Spectrum on the
Eve of the Elections." RFE/RL
Research Report 2, no. 36
(1993): 1-16.
Wade,
Larry L., Alexander J. Groth, and Peter Lavelle. "Estimating
Participation and Party Voting in Poland: The 1991 Parliamentary
Elections." East European
Politics and Societies 8, no. 1
(1994): 94-121.
Wade,
Larry L., Peter Lavelle, and Alexander J. Groth. "Searching for Voting
Patterns in Post-Communist Poland's Sejm Elections." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 28, no. 4 (1995): 411-25.
Books
International Delegation to the Romanian National,
Elections. The May 1990 Elections
in Romania. Washington, DC:
National Republican Institute for International Affairs; National
Democratic Institute for International Affairs, 1991. 133 p.
Journal Articles
Carey, Henry F. "Irregularities or Rigging: Romania's
1992 Parliamentary Elections." East
European Quarterly 29, no. 1
(1995): 43-66.
Roper,
Steven D. "Is There an Economic Basis for Post-Communist Voting?
Evidence from Romanian Elections, 1992-2000." East
European Quarterly 37, no. 1
(2003): 85-100.
Stan,
Lavinia. "The Opposition Takes Charge: The Romanian General Elections
of 2004." Problems of
Post-Communism 52, no. 3 (2005):
3-15.
Books
Baumgartner, Jody C. Modern
Presidential Electioneering: An Organizational and Comparative Approach. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers,
2000. 230 p.
Belin,
Laura, and Robert W. Orttung. The
Russian Parliamentary Elections of 1995: The Battle for the Duma. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1997. 203
p.
Colton, Timothy J., and Jerry F. Hough. Growing Pains: Russian Democracy and
the Election of 1993.
Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998. 744 p.
Colton, Timothy J., and Michael McFaul. Popular Choice and Managed Democracy:
The Russian Elections of 1999 and 2000.
Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003. 317 p.
Hough, Jerry F., Evelyn Davidheiser, and Susan
Goodrich Lehmann. The 1996
Russian Presidential Election, Brookings Occasional Papers. Washington, DC: Brookings
Institution Press, 1996. 124 p.
International
Republican Institute, Parliament Russia, and Duma Russian Federation. Russia: State Duma Election
Observation Report: December 17, 1995.
Washington, DC: International Republican Institute, 1996. 121 p.
Konitzer,
Andrew. Voting for Russia's
Governors: Regional Elections and Accountability under Yeltsin and
Putin. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson
Center Press; Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. 258
p.
Lentini, Peter. Elections
and Political Order in Russia: The Implications of the 1993 Elections
to the Federal Assembly.
Budapest: Central European University Press, 1995. 292 p.
Marsh, Christopher. Russia
at the Polls: Voters, Elections, and Democratization. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2002. 160
p.
McFaul, Michael. Russia's
1996 Presidential Election: The End of Polarized Politics. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution
Press, Stanford University, 1997. 169 p.
McFaul,
Michael, Nikolai Vladimirovich Petrov, Andrei Ryabov, and Elizabeth
Reisch. Primer on Russia's 1999
Duma Elections. Moscow: Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, Moscow Center, 1999. 153 p.
Moser, Robert G. Unexpected
Outcomes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Representation in
Russia. Pittsburgh: University
of Pittsburgh Press, 2001. 183 p.
National
Democratic Institute for International Affairs. NDI
Pre-Election Report: The December 1993 Elections in the Russian
Federation. Washington, DC:
National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, 1993. 59 p.
Phillips, Hugh D. Leaving
the Past Behind: The Russian Presidential Elections of 1996. Washington, DC: Kennan Institute,
1999. 38 p.
Rose, Richard, and Neil Munro. Elections
without Order: Russia's Challenge to Vladimir Putin. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2002. 262 p.
United
States Congress, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Report on the Russian Presidential
Elections: A Report. Washington,
DC: The Commission, 2000. 8 p.
———.
Russia's Election: What Does It
Mean?: Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in
Europe, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session, July 10, 1996. Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.
84 p.
United States Congress, Senate. Committee on Foreign
Relations. Russia on the Eve of
the Presidential Election: A Staff Report to the Committee on Foreign
Relations, United States Senate,
S. Prt. Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O., 1996. 19 p.
United
States Congress, Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee
on European Affairs. The Russian
Presidential Elections: Hearing before the Subcommittee on European
Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One
Hundred Sixth Congress, Second Session, April 12, 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.
53 p.
Wyman, Matthew, Stephen White, and Sarah Oates. Elections and Voters in Post-Communist
Russia, Studies of Communism in Transition.
Cheltenham; Northampton, MA:
Edward Elgar, 1998. 283 p.
Journal Articles
Alexseev, Mikhail A. "Russia's 'Cold Peace'
Consensus: Transcending the Presidential Election." Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 21, no. 1 (1997): 33-50.
Aslund, Anders. "The December 2003 and March 2004
Elections in Russia: A Framing Comment." Eurasian
Geography and Economics 45, no.
4 (2004): 280-84.
Barnes,
Catherine. "Federal Elections in Russia: The Necessity of Systemic
Reforms." Demokratizatsiya: The
Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization
4, no. 3 (1996): 389-407.
Belin,
Laura. "Russia's 1996 Gubernatorial Elections and the Implications for
Yeltsin." Demokratizatsiya: The
Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization
5, no. 2 (1997): 165-82.
Borisov,
S. V., A. V. Dakhin, A. S. Makarychev, and Inc M.E. Sharpe. "No Winner:
The Mayoral Election in Nizhnii Novgorod." Russian
Politics and Law 42, no. 1
(2004): 29-47.
Brooker,
David C. "Kravchuk and Yeltsin at Reelection." Demokratizatsiya:
The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization
16, no. 3 (2008): 294-304.
Brudny,
Yitzhak M. "In Pursuit of the Russian Presidency: Why and How Yeltsin
Won the 1996 Presidential Election." Communist
and Post-Communist Studies 30,
no. 3 (1997): 255-75.
Clem,
Ralph S., and Peter R. Craumer. "A Rayon-Level Analysis of the Russian
Election and Constitutional Plebiscite of December 1993." Post-Soviet Geography 36, no. 8 (1995): 459-75.
———. "Redrawing the
Political Map of Russia: The Duma Election of December 2003." Eurasian Geography and Economics 45, no. 4 (2004): 241-61.
———. "Regional Patterns
of Political Preference in Russia: The December 1999 Duma Elections." Post-Soviet Geography and Economics 41, no. 1 (2000): 1-29.
———. "Roadmap to
Victory: Boris Yel'tsin and the Russian Presidential Elections of 1996."
Post-Soviet Geography and
Economics 37, no. 6 (1996):
335-54.
———. "Spatial Patterns
of Political Choice in the Post-Yel'tsin Era: The Electoral Geography of
Russia's 2000 Presidential Election." Post-Soviet
Geography and Economics 41, no.
7 (2000): 465-82.
Colton,
Timothy J., and Michael McFaul. "Reinventing Russia's Party of Power:
'Unity' and the 1999 Duma Election." Post-Soviet
Affairs 16, no. 3 (2000):
201-24.
DePoy, Erik. "Boris Yeltsin and the 1996 Presidential
Election." Presidential Studies
Quarterly 26, no. 4 (1996):
1140-64.
Goldman, Minton F. "Polish-Russian Relations and the
2004 Ukrainian Presidential Elections." East
European Quarterly 40, no. 4
(2006): 409-28.
Golosov,
Grigorii. "Disproportionality by Proportional Design: Seats and Votes
in Russia's Regional Legislative Elections, December 2003-March 2005." Europe-Asia Studies 58, no. 1 (2006): 25-55.
Golosov, Grigorii V. "Party Support or Personal
Resources? Factors of Success in the Plurality Portion of the 1999
National Legislative Elections in Russia." Communist
and Post-Communist Studies 35,
no. 1 (2002): 23-38.
Grigoriev,
Sergei, and Matthew Lantz. "Lessons of the 1995 State Duma Elections." Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of
Post-Soviet Democratization 4,
no. 2 (1996): 159-71.
Hahn,
Jeffrey W. "Regional Elections and Political Stability in Russia." Post-Soviet Geography and Economics 38, no. 5 (1997): 251-63.
Kernen, Beat. "Putin and the Parliamentary Elections
in Russia: The Confluence (Slijanie) of Russian Political Culture and
Leadership." East European
Quarterly 38, no. 1 (2004):
85-107.
Kim, Byung-Yeon, and Svetlana Sidorenko-Stephenson.
"Economic Experience and Market Commitment in the 1996 Russian
Presidential Election." Europe-Asia
Studies 51, no. 3 (1999):
467-82.
Kuzio, Taras. "Russian Policy toward Ukraine During
Elections." Demokratizatsiya: The
Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 13,
no. 4 (2005): 491-517.
Laverty,
Nicklaus. "Limited Choices: Russian Opposition Parties and the 2007
Duma Election." Demokratizatsiya:
The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization
16, no. 4 (2008): 363-82.
Mau,
V. "Stabilization, Elections, and Perspectives of Economic Growth." Problems of Economic Transition 40, no. 4 (1997): 5-26.
Mau, V., and Bruce Collins. "Russia's Political
Economy in 2002 and Special Features of Economic Policy on the Eve of
Elections." Problems of Economic
Transition 46, no. 10 (2004):
24-46.
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Internet Resources
Administration and Cost Elections Project: The Electoral Knowledge Network
The Administration and Cost Elections Project is a joint venture by Elections Canada, IFES, the UN, Instituto Federal Electoral – Mexico, and EISA. The website was created in 1998. The ACE website contains election data, comparative data on how countries run elections, electoral materials and advice, and region specific information.
Dr. Adam Carr (PhD in History in 2002 from Melbourne University) is an elections enthusiast. His Election Archives, created in 1985, has recent electoral news, electoral maps, and breakdowns of voting, as well as summaries of national election results. The site is somewhat difficult to navigate at first, but provides a wealth of information on elections in many post-communist countries.
Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems merges data from collaborative research from teams in over 50 countries into a single, publicly accessible dataset. The website has information on the variables used in research as well as the election data. Free registration is required to access the data.
Centre for the Study of Public Policy
The Centre for the Study of Public Policy was founded in 1976 and is part of the University of Aberdeen’s Department of Politics and International Relations. The site has a number of publications on social capital, the economy, health, Europe, and elections. Within the Democratization and Elections publication, there are links to election data in several East European countries.
Election Watch is run by the Journal of Democracy. Much of the data is provided by IFES. The site contains publications on recently decided elections in developing nations and the post-communist world. Publications from 1990 to 2000 are available on the website.
Electoral Geography 2.0 was started in 2006 by three contributors. It contains current election news as well as data on past elections. It also has articles on electoral geography and links to related websites.
Election Guide is provided by IFES and has been funded since its inception in 1998 by the U.S. Agency for International Development. It offers timely and accurate information on elections, referenda, parties and candidates, election-related laws, electoral structures, and election results. Information on the website can be searched by country, election type, and year.
Election Resources on the Internet: Central and Eastern Europe
This site has links to election related sites in English and in the country languages for all of Eastern Europe. It is run by Manuel Alvarez-Rivera and is updated regularly. This site is particularly useful for linking to countries’ Central Election Commissions.
Erik Herron’s Guide to Politics in East Central Europe and Eurasia
Erik Herron is the bibliographer for the American Political Science Association's Section on Representation and Electoral Systems. His site is an excellent resource for bibliographies on relevant recent articles and books, election data, research papers, and links to other relevant sites. The election data is limited but the webmaster has promised to add more over time.
GESIS: Election Studies from Eastern Europe
This site, run by the Leibniz Institute for Social Sciences provides datasets to researchers that allow them to search for and analyze the provided survey data. There are three groups of data on Eastern Europe: Belarus, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Macedonia, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine; Project "Free Elections, Political Parties and the Emergence of Competitive Party Systems in Eastern Europe"; and Estonia and Lithuania: "Surveys on Electoral Behavior and Political Attitudes."
International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES)
IFES is an election assistance organization that was founded in 1987. The website contains IFES research and publications as well as information on election laws around the world. It is possible to search for information by topic or by country.
The Lijphart Elections Archive in the University Library of the University of California- San Diego is a collection of district level research results for 26 countries through 2003. In addition to election results data, the website also contains links to related website. The raw data is organized by country. Not all countries of Eastern Europe are represented.
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
OSCE’s Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) deploys elections missions to participating countries. The website contains information on election observation, elections from the past year, and cooperation efforts with other organizations. The ODIHR also puts together a variety of reports on findings of observation missions.
PARLINE Database on National Parliaments
PARLINE is a database run by the Inter-Parliamentary Union containing information on the structure and working methods of parliaments in all of the countries with a national legislature. The database can be searched by country, model, and region. It is possible to export parliamentary mailing lists as well as data and statistics from selected database fields. There are also sections on women in parliament and recent elections.
Political Transformation and the Electoral Process in Europe
Political Transformation and the Electoral Process in Europe is a website authored by the University of Essex. It provides a wealth of information on election results and laws in formerly communist countries. The website also has a number of links to related websites, some with more current information. It was last updated in 2001.
Proportional Representation Library
The Proportional Representation Library is maintained by Douglas Amy of Mt. Holyoke College. It is a collection of information on proportional representation with articles for beginners and experts. The website also has a list of books on the topic and a bibliography of articles that are not online. There is also a list of related websites.
The Central Election
Commission’s website provides official information on local
(2007) and parliamentary (2001, 2005) elections, referenda, and election
legislation. It also has links to the OSCE, IFES, IDEA International,
and ACEEEO websites.
Armenia
Central Electoral Commission of the Republic of Armenia
This site contains legislation relating to Armenian elections, voting constituencies, publications, and contact information for the commission. The tab titled “Voters Register of RA” is linked to a page in Armenian. The results of recent presidential, parliamentary, and local elections are available.
Parliamentary Elections- Internews
This Internews site has
information on the 1999 parliamentary elections in Armenia. It has the
final breakdown of votes on the proportional system and the majority
system. The site also has the preliminary
report from media coverage monitoring and the OSCE election observation
mission report.
Bosnia-Herzegovina
This is the official website of the Bosnia-Herzegovina Central Election Commission. Laws related to elections are available on the website, as is the agenda of the most recent commission meeting, press releases, answers to common questions about party finance auditing, and 2007 election results.
Bulgaria
President of the Republic of Bulgaria
The Bulgarian President’s website has the results of the 1992, 1996, and 2001 presidential elections broken down by number of votes cast for each candidate in two rounds of voting.
Czech
Republic
Czech Republic Statistical Office
The Election Server of the Czech Republic Statistical Office has the results of elections and EU referenda since 1994. The information contained within each election year section varies, but can contain regional guides, party lists, election results, territorial turnout, or seat allocation.
Estonia
Estonian National Electoral Commission
The Estonian National Election Commission is responsible for organizing and conducting presidential, parliamentary, local government council, and European Parliament Riigikogu vice-president and president elections, as well as referenda. The website has comprehensive election results since 1992, electoral acts, information on internet voting, and links to other websites on elections.
Georgia
The Georgian Central Election Committee website, online since 2005, is in English and Georgian. Only 2008 Election information is available in English. The site has information for voters, parties, observers, and the media. It also has information on by-elections, laws, and training. The front page has recent election news.
Hungary
The website of the National Election Office of Hungary has information on parliamentary and local election since 1998, the results of the NATO membership referendum in 1997, and the results of the 2004 EU elections. Laws relating to the elections are also available within each election section.
Latvia
The Latvian Central Election Commission (CEC) is responsible for preparing for and conducting Saeima, European Parliament and local elections, as well as national referenda. The CEC website contains information on legislation, referenda, and international relations. It also has links to other countries’ CEC websites, NGO websites, and government ministries’ websites. There is little information on election results.
Lithuania
Central Electoral Commission of the Republic of Lithuania
The CEC site contains information CEC activities and decisions, current news and information on referenda. There is a countdown to the next election and results from the previous election.
Elections of the President of the Republic of Lithuania ‘97
This site is devoted to information on the 1997 presidential elections. It is maintained by the Computer Data Processing Department of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. The site has the results of the first and second rounds of voting, candidates, electoral committees, the legal basis of the elections, and general information about the elections.
Macedonia
This website is devoted to the 1999 Macedonian presidential election. It has resources in Macedonian and English on the political parties, lead-up to the elections, and links to news agencies.
Montenegro
Elections in the Republic of Montenegro- Results and Statistics
This site is run by The Monitoring Center-CEMI since 2000. It provides the results for parliamentary, presidential, local, and federal elections and referenda. The data goes as far back as 1990. In addition to the results, voter turnout and other information are also available.
Poland
National Electoral Commission (2005 | 2007)
The Poland National Electoral Commission website provides election data in English for 2005 and 2007. For each year, documents, legislation, election committees, turnout, results, and other information are provided. For 2005, the information is for the Sejm, Senate, and President. For 2007, it is for the Sejm and President.
Romania
Romania Central Election Bureau
The website of the Romania
Central Election Bureau has information on the electoral participation
and results in 1996, the results of the 1996 presidential, Senate, and
Chamber of Deputies elections, and candidates for office. It also has
the text of the 1992 law on the election of the Senate and Chamber of
Deputies.
Russia
Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation (CEC)
The CEC website offers English and Russian text of election and referendum legislation, elections and referendum, the CEC activities, and the participation of parties in federal elections. There is also a link to the contents of the first edition of the Journal about Elections.
Serbia
Republic of Serbia Republic Election Commission
The website of the Election Commission of Serbia contains documents on elections in the country, such as legislation, electoral rolls, and electoral results (2002-2004). It also has links to key government websites.
Slovenia
Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
Election information from the Statistical Office is obtainable by selecting from the 2004 National Assembly election, the 2002 and 2006 mayoral elections, or the 2002 and 2006 municipal elections. Within these sections, there are a number of options for data manipulation, including the education and party affiliation of candidates and the electorate.
Ukraine
Central Election Commission of Ukraine (2006 | 2007)
This site has information on the course of voting and a breakdown of the election results for People’s Deputies in 2006 and 2007. The information is useful for these two elections but there is no data on other elections in English. The Central Election Commission’s main page is only in Ukrainian.
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Compiled and edited by Jennifer Evans,
March 9, 2009
